American Literature

Human interaction is the focal point of the poems Mending Wall and Ax-Helve. What makes for good neighborly relations  In Mending Wall the neighbor insists Good fences make good neighbors. In Ax-Helve, Baptiste, the French neighbor does not subscribe to this view and is overjoyed (if overjoyed he was) at having got his neighbor into his house.  So does that make the neighborly interaction different  Yes and No.

In both poems there is an undercurrent of suspicion about the neighbor. In Mending Wall the narrator does not see any reason why they should keep building the wall between the two properties. There is a sense of social alienation created by the wall in the former poem and a sense of alienation caused by being French in a Yankee world and not being able to spick too much Henglish.

In Mending Wall the narrator is the gregarious neighbor who wants to bring the barriers downin this case the physical wall.  He asks his neighbor the logic of it for There were it is we do not need a wall. Nature too, seems to be in agreement with him and the wall is demolished again and again by Something there is that doesnt love a wall and he must adjure the stones Stay where you are until our backs are turned  Yet the neighbor is insistent that the wall should remain between the two properties because He will not go behind his fathers saying,  And he likes having though of it so well  He says again Good fences make good neighbors.

In Ax-Helve, the narrator is suspicious of his neighbor. It is the neighbor who is trying to bring down barriersthe barriers of language and culture.  When the man comes over, on a slight pretext of providing him with a better Ax-Helve, the narrator is wary.  He says I didnt know him well enough to know  What it was all about. The thought that flashes into his mind is that There might be something  he had in mind to say to a bad neighbor  He might prefer to say to him disarmed. Later when he realizes that the neighbor is just finding a pretext to get him to visit, he is slightly amused and says Beyond an over-warmth of kitchen stove  My welcome differed from no other welcome.  Baptiste knew best why I was where I was,  So long as he would leave enough unsaid.  He also realizes that the neighbor is making an overture to him because he wants to fit in with the community in which he finds himself and wants to be accepted as human being. He says For nothing in the measure of a neighbor,  Hard if, though cast away for life mid Yankees,  A Frenchman couldnt get his human rating  

Yet, a subtle underlying irony that pervades the poem seems to reinforce the barriers. In Mending Wall the narrator is the person who is assiduous in seeing that the wall does not come down. He fixes a day with his neighbor for the checking and also walks along the wall on other days for checking and repairing the wall.  Seen in this light, his questions to his neighbor seem to be an effort to assuage his conscience about his own behavior. The narrator in reality is no different from his neighbor.  In Ax-Helve the narrator to the end remains fully conscious of the French-ness of his neighbor. When the axe helve has been made and stood up erect, the narrator notes the appearance of his neighborTop heavy with heaviness in his short,  Thick hand made light of, steel blue chin drawn down  And a little a French touch in that
From a reading of the above two poems of Robert Frost, it is clear, that he is not a grim philosopher.  He does not baulk at judging his fellow men with tolerant amusement and realistic understanding.

Racism is a subject that is more than often avoided by almost all seasoned authors, it is almost equally treated as an aspect of sex,sadism or any other theme that appear to be treated as personal. In general approach, racism pertains to the aspects of discrimination due to color or ethnicity. It is paramount to aver that, the dawn of civilization brought the concept of this social anarchy. Hence, William Faulkners Writing candidly explores and exposes this social ill with unmatched authority. Examining the ground prepared in the all round novel Absolom Absolom Evidently, the novel captures the uncompromised decay of humanity where titillating aspects of slavery and other forms of abuse are absolutely witnessed.

The novel offers a well articulated platform on which the author clearly presents a mind boggling picture of the magnitude of how fellow human beings treated others as unequal due to color dissimilarity. With a precision of a surgeon, the novel strikes out the destruction linked to the civil war, more so, in regard to aspects of racism, the characters employed are depicted as ever searching for the core explanations of the deteriorating social structures in their society. Examining the core aspects exposed in this work, it is apparent that, Faulkner approached the concept of slavery by presenting the essence of racism in such a way that, the interrelationship of the characters depicts how the portrayed society treated others as inferior or less human. This approach is equally reinforced by the plot line of the other Faulkners writing The Sound and the Fury. Examining the diverse aspects injected in this novel, the apparent details significantly exposes the moral decay evident in Mississippi where the once affluent Compsons family dwelt. In a profound depiction, the book provides a strange twist of how social and moral decay catapulted the aspects of sins which translated to prejudice and racism.

The Sound and the Fury  too, explores Faulkners themes from previous works allied to the demur of the American South, including diverse issues pertaining to morality, sin, and redemption, even if one could precisely dispute that his overarching apprehension was with the temperament of human existence. These last perceptions are weaved into a intricate embroidery of race and class-perception and internecine fight back as the Compsons compete with the interconnected dynamics of ancestors honor and female virtue inside the milieu of social tolerability, lifes apparent order, and the aspect of time.

Comparing the content of the novel Absolom Absalom, with immediate aspects of The Sound and the Fury, it is evident that the characters expose a profound distaste of other people who in essence were perceived as inferior. This developed into a powerful current of racism. Though the segregated or rather the discriminated community or individuals played a significant role in reinforcing both social and economic aspects of the whites, it is critically plain that, the relationship remained confined to the slave-master dynamics. Hence, as the narration of the two novels unfolds, it becomes apparent that, the narrator presents a story of declining family despite the fact that, the focal point remains anchored of the impact of blacks on whites and especially the black maids, who, though powerless by principle of color and social ranking, remained a force to reckon with. Equally on the same path comes Go Down Moses descriptively this novel attempts to engage the reader on the various aspects of racism that shaped the black-white relationship within the southern region. More so, from a close examination of this works, it is evident that, social decay which was a resultant factor of racism affected the manner Faulkner depicted the entire community. It should be noted that, along the lines of writing he painted a picture of a man who disliked any iota of social instability.

Thus using well balanced metaphors he managed to move from the conventional wisdom of prose writing, and quite frankly presented the raw image of how the diverse ethnic entities integrated though harshly. For instance, by delving into the appendix of The Sound and the Fury which concludes with an account of the black family that had tirelessly served the Compsons,their relationship with this family is told with unique and omniscient perspective, translating to a simple reference, hence the final entry is made up of two words They endured (Jones 62).

Perhaps, this is one of the many indicators of how racism was rooted within the said communities. Whites viewed the blacks negatively, treating them with impunity even without having in consideration in regard to their future. More so, whites trusted the blacks with their children, though, their relations often rotated within the axis of master-servant dialogue. But it is evident that The Sound and the Fury, the author presents a more cohesive and varied analysis of how the whites and the blacks carried off. Consider the fact that, the elements of racism as Faulkner presents them are in one way or the other more profoundly exposed by a black maid named Disley who used to work for a white man. Hence, in order to drive his point regarding racism Faulkner often narrated his tales through the use of multiple narratives, each with its individual comforts and biases, which permits us to piece collectively the true conditions of the story, not as inklings in an obscurity. The finale provides a key to accepting the broad scenery encompassing the essential episodes in a manner that conventional linear narratives basically are incapable to accomplish.

Therefore, this infers that, Absalom, Absalom, and As I lay Dying, exemplifies, as well involves the communal and cultural subjects of legacy including the sociopsychological fables of white superiority and Negro inadequacy. Also, The Unvanquished equally extols the concepts of racism whereby, Faulkner uses an unadulterated condensation of words, in fact formless, but premeditated to carry a more personal and fundamental portrayal of characters and subject matter in a novel.

Therefore, he seems to argue on the ground of   American allegories of race--white pre-eminence and black lowliness preserving a living existence and influence that is still, though extreme subterranean and is also present in modern American culture. Hence, in Absalom, Absalom, The obliteration of the father is seen to be passed down to his offspring. The calamity that ensue Henry Sutpen, the tolerable son, is that he is incapable to surpass his fathers ethical blindness (Jones 44). The acknowledgment of the wreckage of racial inequity is unthinkable to Henry, because he had it bored into his mind that his race and ethnicity including his gender are superior and supreme. In fact, his slaying of Charles Bon is founded far on Charles mixed blood than in the distaste of incest. However, the articulation of this theme is more and austerely explored in The Reivers.

In the novel, the author presents a crisp picture of how Lucius, a little boy learns of diverse aspects which negatively impacted on the society, some of these aspects includedsexim, corruption as well as racism.
 This exposed him also to a myriad of challenges that engulfed the relationship between the whites with the blacks. Despite such an observation, it would be instrumental to aver that, other factors that he came to face included learning of how to develop morality, self respect and equally dignity. Thus, comparing this observation with other Faulkners works which includes Absalom, Absalom , The Sound and the Fury and Go Down Moses all presents a pure analogy of how the author understood and got influenced by the aspects of racism in the south. Hence, through out this novel, some characters tend to display unending traits of both aspects of action and racism as well as prejudice. Though there are some instances where the elements of racism are seen to be negated, but it is vital to realise that, the southern region had lagged behind despite the fact that, the northern region was advancing in both governance and civilization. For instance, Butch Lovemaiden, , is racist in both thinking and action, as he time and again refers to  the black subjects niggers, calling  them only to query their aptitude, honor, status, integrity, or morality (Jones 55). Even Mr. Poleymus, who is somehow depicted as kind and decent man, demonstrates racism as he clearly argues his displeasure of Lucius living with a black family.

The scheme of the novels centres on so many susceptible circumstances that the narrative seems more or less too thrilling to be true. Nevertheless, every theme in Faulkners magnum opus has subsisted in human culture all through history. In the aforementioned novels, Faulkner involves himself with the duty of dealing with lust, insatiability, incest, miscegenation, prejudice, slavery, and massacre, all of which encompass aspects of sins and have in one way or the other caused public upheavals. Hence, Faulkners characters acknowledge espousing the perceptions set out for a Southern civilization nevertheless they picture Southern civilization as a place of duplicity. Jefferson, Mississippi, as an agent of the South in common, emerges as a region where those folks who went to war in order to form an ostentatious society did so by carrying out atrocious crimes against humankind and thus deceived the very standards they struggled to uphold by sustaining slavery and racism.        

One of the insincerities exposed in the Faulkner novels indicates that Southern people professed to have strong moral value regarding all aspects of family, yet they forfeited family willingly in favor of safeguarding some prearranged social arrangement. Pertaining to what Faulkner penned, it is apparent that, he presented a situation where the white community allowed their racist standards ruled their philosophy and demoralized their view for human opinion and this resulted in their hate for blacks. This is well illustrated in one of the novels where an individual named Henry was enthusiastic to disregard incest, yet he killed to avert miscegenation, and this exposes the personality of this social constitution as one founded on odium and demonstrates Faulkners staunch disparagement of the separation and prejudice that saturated Southern society throughout the Civil War period. To reinforce how racism had developed root within the southern region, Faulkner presented a scenario where Sutpen, who maintained to be a Southern guy, rejects his own blood so as to execute his atrocious design. Hence, his son, Charles Bon failed to fit into the plan due to the fact that he was part black. In essence, the novels portend that, image was more significant than family, and decency, forbearance, and even human compassion basically got in the system of forming a perfect civilization or a perfect aim.

In principal, these novels present a candid opinion of how Faulkner viewed the aspects of racism. More importantly, they presented how the relationship between the whites and the blacks evolved to be brutal and catastrophic. This can be linked to the fact that, the whites viewed the blacks as less perfect and treated them as heathens. Thus, the elaborate narration presented by Faulkner precisely portrays what the southern region depicted black to be. Hence, the overall relationship of the two races flourished on the anvil of hatred and misery and the whites assumed the upper hand by depicting themselves as more superior than the blacks (Jones 44).

Basically, it can be said that, Faulkner was compelled by the injustices which prevailed in the south hence this prompted him to write about the ever unstable relationship of the whites and the blacks. It is instrumental to assert that, cultural disparity, as well as ethnic dissimilarity played a paramount role in as far as the concepts of racism is concerned. Therefore, due to the diverse challenges which engulfed the southern region, diverse factors which revolved around the economic, political and social concern foresaw the raise of racism and slavery within the borders of the south.

In conclusion, I am not alleging Faulkner to be a racist in any simple meaning of that phrase. I am asserting that in his novels, and habitually in his life, racial fables seem to be deeply rooted in his deliberation. His efforts to tackle racism and assuage it in The Sound and the Fury would move on unabated in his tough glance at the cost of miscegenation in Absalom, Absalom  As well as in Go Down, Moses.

Stagnation and the ultimate desire to break free from the rut of factory work are the key themes of David Dominguez poetic narrative Work Done Right. Unlike other books, the story unfolds in verses and meter rather than the usual paragraphs and chapters. However, the method used still captures the essence of the main characters personal journey from being stuck at a Sausage processing plant and finally striking it out in the world which was triggered by the death of his only friend Guillermo. Also the use of poetry as chapters allows more vivid images. It allows the readers to supply the unspoken words in the story with their own ideas of work, freedom and growth. By the use of poetry and stanzas Abrahams day to day struggle in the factory and the constant wish to get out become more felt. In the end, the decision to quit the job is felt as a major turning point in his life as well as an epiphany of sorts, where after several poems about the dangers of using big machines, the boredom in industry work and the routine lifestyle, is magnified for the reader to actually feel good about freedom.

There are many important elements in the entire narrative. There is death, friendship, hardship, menial labor, the plight of workers as modern day slaves, love and most importantly growth, search for ones identity and liberation. Abraham, the main voice in the story, can be likened to an apprentice or a young lad who still has high spirits about the world and who finds everything interesting. Abraham, the great-grandson of Alberto, a Mexican soldier who crouched below a shrub of honey mesquite and buried in his uniform (Between Magnolia and Ash, 3), descends from a line of immigrants. The history Alberto, his great grandfather, is shown in the first poem where it is told that he was caught ravaging a young woman which was the reason why he was perhaps banished from the land. This story begins what can be called hardship because from estate owner, the Alberto clan became poor with nothing but a cart and a young mare to their name (4).

The second poem would explain the present condition of Abraham. Like all high-spirited youths, he means to travel the world with his second-hand pickup truck with nothing but two pairs of jeans, a few T-shirts, and a pair of work boots (Mi Historia, 7). What can be seen here is that Abraham has become independent and is out looking for a job. He does not like to have a dead-end life because it feels like that his liking for the road speaks of his wish to go on and on in a journey for himself. In the same poem, it is revealed that Abraham wants to right his own historynot the history of men, of earth or of anyone else but his own. Again, he does not want to get stuck at becoming some stereotype and it is felt that he is hell bent on making sure that he makes a namea history for himself which is a grand ambition for a young teen.

Following this brief history of Abrahams life, the author now zooms in to the main setting of the story which is the Galdini Sausage factory. Abraham applies for the job perhaps eager to earn money to pay for his needs now that he is on his own. He is a newcomer to the factory but settles in quite easily because of the welcoming factory workers who helped him out. However, his senses are assaulted by the overwhelming stench of raw pork meat. He notes that pork gripped the men and was everywhere, in the form of blood, in the form of fat, and in pink meat stuck to the workers shoes (Pig, 11). The title of the poem chapter captures the lingering stench of raw material and thoughts of hours of hard work along with the overwhelming sense of industrial slavery if not stagnation. Put differently, the smell of pig and the fact that bits and pieces of raw meat are stuck everywhere immediately gives to the readers a feeling of being trapped.

The pervasiveness of pig meat is a powerful imagery that it brings up the emotion of hopelessness and desperation. Abraham even observes that one man stood straight up into the sky, closed his eyes, and with his thumb and forefinger worked out bits of meat from his eyelashes (ibid.). This only goes to show that the workers there have dedicated their lives to their work so much so that parts of their work turn up in different places in their bodies and clothes. Still, Abraham attempts to work in the factory. Despite the dirty job involve he pushes on determined perhaps to make some money and become an adult.

He starts work with strange men who are his co-workers. The scene is a little bit hostile because Abraham does not yet know how to use the machine and how to cut the links. He is at once intimidated by a co-worker who they call Mamas who is able to cut links with precision for hours on end. As if by way of comparison, he notices that his job was Womans work and he feels that his nicked-up knuckles began to burn and fray with blood, while Mamas move her hands with grace (Contigo 13). The image that is shown is one of a newcomer trying to keep at pace with a veteran in the factory. Yet the differences in their skills do not deter Abraham from taking on the job, but only reminds him of distant memories form the past of another woman with the same slender hands (ibid.).

It is important to point out that at the very first day of his work Abrahams thoughts begin to wander around. He is physically manning the grinder but his mind is elsewhere. This is indicative of the fact that he is the type of person who will not like to be tied down to one place or to one activity. Immediately after watching his co-workers work, his thoughts take him back to memories of his grandfather, to empanadas and to other days when he was still a young child. He compares the life of an adult filled with so many problems and responsibilities to a child who is carefree and is free from any obligation.

There are other instances where Abraham tries to escape the drudgery of routine work. His hands automatically cut off sausages while he remembers the happiest moments of his life. Eventually he turns his interest to his only friend in the factory Guillermo. Guillermo, like Mamas, has been working the factory for so long. Guillermo was a man who came to work on time, a man who always smelled like aftershave and the lotion he used to comb his hair (Rise Like a Moon Above Industrial Sol, 29). His (Guillermo) hands calloused by the amount of hours trying to process meat to sausages and chorizos. His mind fully attuned to the buzz of the machines and the grinders. Consequently, Guillermo was the personification of wisdom, old age and the idea of stagnation to the mind of Abraham. In other words, Abraham saw himself in Guillermo several years down the road.

However, Guillermo was also a friend outside of work. Like the title of the poem chapter, Abraham see a glimmer in the line of his work in Guillermo like a Moon above industrial Sol, because he is at peace when he watches Guillermo and is fascinated by the confident manner in which Guillermo attended to his work We finished the pallet in silence, morning moved slowly toward noon, and when the pallet was empty, we clocked out, and tried to leave our thoughts of pork for some other day (30). Put in other words, Abraham felt that his days moved faster and the thoughts of pork kept at bay when he is with Guillermo.

This friendship between Abraham and Guillermo is one of apprenticeship and learning. Abraham learns the ropes of his work as much as he discovers how adults deal with life. When Abraham comments that this is not the way to live (referring to the work at the Sausage factory), Guillermo replies by dipping his hands into a box line with wax, used his hand like a wooden ladle, filled his palm with warm blood, and he held it very still as if blood might reveal lost memory or a life that he had yet to live (Club Las Palmas, 31). The deft motions and the silent reply only highlights the idea that Guillermo has found his place he can call home which is the sausage factory which would ultimately be the place where dies.

Guillermo had dedicated his life to the work at the sausage factory in ways that Abraham could not even begin to imagine. To Abrahams mind, the work in the factory was supposed to be only temporary and should not substitute his big ideas of the future. His mind is still young and his maturity level does not equal Guillermo but he has a vision of a life that does not involve working the machines in cramped places and with the stench of pigs meat. He does not want to stagnate the way that Guillermo stagnates in the factory. Instead, Abraham believes that a man must do more than sell roses where the bums go and beg--he must keep something holy. He must breathe the winds that rustle the orchards of the valley where the white almond blooms replenish with their soft scent (Oxtail Stew, 33). And the only way out of the factory was to get off the bus, have his red pickup truck fixed, quit his job and drive away.

At first, Abraham is hesitant to quit his job. His friendship with Guillermo has convinced him that there is something to look forward to even if one is only a sausage factory worker. He puts off several times his attempt at quitting the job. However, when Guillermo figures in an accident and died while at work, the question in Abrahams mind is decided with finality.  In the ninth poem of the final part, Guillermo does work right but meets his demise when the grinder fell down on him and split his head (When the Machines Stopped at Galdini Sausage, 62). The death of Guillermo ended whatever fascination Abraham still has about work and about the factory. While Guillermo was alive, Abraham ignored the stench of the pigs, the striking workers and the itch to leave. However, when Guillermo dies because of his work, it was easy for Abraham to just leave everything behind and ride his truck to nowhere until he discovers his identity as a person and what his history should be in the days to come Abraham Tovar, nineteen years old and no longer up at dawn to work at Galdini Sausage...father of nations and strong like a bull (The Perseid Showers, 65).

William Faulkner was a writer from the Deep South who told his stories about the people and events that surrounded him from birth in the year before the Spanish-American War and ending his observations, when he died in 1962, with a widespread and increasingly-energized movement for Negro Civil Rights. He wrote with a keen eye and sensibility, and what he saw and recorded was the immersion of Southern life in racism, touching every fiber of every being and every nuance of every event. Whether Faulkner was racist is not the topic here, but his reactions to it, through his words and images, in The Sound and the Fury.

As with a wide brush, many critics label Faulkner as racist for his use of certain words or expressions, or for his portrayal of black characters as simpler and less complex than white characters. As Cooley (303) notes Faulkners black characters were not written purely from personal contact and observation of life in the environs of Jefferson, Mississippi. His intertextuality alludes to and perpetuates well-established myths and stereotypes pertaining to the nature of black identity and culture. But a problem with stereotypes is that they are often true, which is why they become stereotypes. To say that the average black person in the Deep South throughout the first half off the 20th century (Faulkners childhood to late middle age) was somewhat subservient to whites and had limited educational and occupational options is merely the reporting of fact, not a smear or lazy use of characterization.

Racism complicated the relationships between whites and blacks precisely because the relationships were originated and thus defined by racism, by the forceful imposition of slavery of one on another under the guise of superiority. As Kinney (268) states, concerning the activities of Dilsey, the servant at the center of the Compsons life and survival
...as she hauls in firewood, toils up the stairs with a hot water bottle, scolds her grandson and feeds the thirty-three-year-old suffering from Downs Syndrome, her every gesture remains that of the traditional mammy her outreach is imprisoned in duties dictated by past legacy. Her glory is to serve, but she serves not the Lord in this novel but the deteriorating Compson family in their rotting house. She evokes for us, then, a kind of fatality that seems both to sadden and to undermine any claim she may have on our sense of heroism. She invokes enormous pity but insufficient terror. The racism which Faulkner exhibits here is, I think, profoundly subtle and profoundly deep, and wholly unintended.

The terror Kinney refers to was the basis for much of the evils so energetically imposed on blacks the fear that they would rise up and do unto whites what had been done unto them. For whites, blacks were mysterious, separate, with the separation forced between them and maintained out of self-preservation. That chasm could almost never be crossed or bridged, even when the need was great. In another essay, Kinney (261) says that ...(I)n every observation of dress, speech, and behavior and attitude, Dilsey is the stereotypical, mythical--Bell would say archetypal--black Mammy and how this severely restricts her function in the novel as a moral norm or as a hope for the Compson family she serves or the emerging twentieth-century South of which she is a part. Even when the Compsons need Dilsey to survive, they cannot truly make her a part of themselves and thus overcome their own failures racism dooms them.

Because racism is and will remain a touchy subject, those who bring light to it, as Faulkner did, are often misunderstood. Brumm (101) notes that

It is interesting to discover that major critics of the fifties and sixties had no trouble to discern in Dilsey the representative of the ethical norm (Olga Vickery), or The ethical norm of Christian humanism (Robert J. Griffin). On the other hand, without reference to her race, Vickery considered her--very wrongly I think-- almost as inarticulate as Benjy and David Minter in a strangely contradictory statement Judged Though her understanding is small, her wisdom and love are large. Perhaps the statements were made because at this time these were tacitly considered racial characteristics, even if no mammy-stereotype was involved.

At the risk of repeating the point, describing what is doesnt necessarily make the description racist or even prejudiced. When anthropologist Margaret Mead wrote about the peoples she was living with, much of her writing was straightforward description, and if the subject matter was odd, repulsive or even abhorrent to us, that was merely our reaction to the facts and not a deliberate intent by Mead to impose her judgment or bias on what she was observing.

But familiarity breeds understanding, and with understanding comes the dawning of respect and even admiration. In Dilsey Faulkner harks back to his childhood mammy, a woman who most certainly influenced him with her attentions and affections more than anyone else in his tender years. What a childs heart understands is never lost. Returning to Kinneys earlier quote, Faulkner may have been exhibiting an unintentional and unconscious racism in his portrayal of Dilsey, but whether he did or not, there is a simple and unarguable observation to the contrary But Faulkners admiration for Dilsey betrays him (269).

Faulkner, if he was a racist, was probably more so because he grew up and absorbed the tenor of his times and though he may have made a concerted effort to overcome it and regain his natural moral balance, it was nevertheless a chain around his mind. It is worth noting that the only character that clearly rises above his chains, self-imposed or hung upon by others, is the Reverend Sheegog, who propels himself through simplistic faith to a greater world beyond, a black man reaching personal heights others can only belittle or pray for.

To link Dilsey and Benjy as so many do because they are both less capable or innocent or in some tortured way pure is more racism than criticism, it is more a rejection of the other than an embrace of what is shared. Faulkner wrote about a mentally-challenged child who was cared for by a black woman not because he wanted to pair them up as equals, but because he wanted to show how both of them were trapped by external circumstances, but free from the personal ones. The white characters in Faulkners novel are trapped and tortured by their own fears, needs and wants Dilsey accepts and moves on, neither rushing nor falling behind. She cares for Benjy because only she can, for she is the only one who can love him as he is and tend to his needs. Dilsey, like the white characters, is not happy, but she is more content than they are, more in tune with herself and the world and thus more worthy of our attention and sympathy than the others. Faulkner makes her so with his words and images because she was real, she was important and she was, beyond the binds of illogic, fear and cruelty that underlie racism, the one character that Faulkner could respect and admire and make us feel naturally the same for her.

Experiences hone different individuals. Through the life experiences people learn to react and realize certain matters regarding themselves as well as their personal lives. Moreover, the importance of experiences truly provides an important aspect of person in his or her psychological state. During times of war, it is important to note that people are mostly psychologically affected. Moreover, wars are events which do not only affect different countries but as well as the people who see and experience wars. Therefore, the psychological impacts of wars become a very difficult experience. Furthermore another difficult experience is abuse. The concept of abuse is vast in many regions in the world. In the society, abuse is often at hand. The saddest part of this type of abuse is the ignorance of people regarding different kinds of factors in the society. Looking at these situations of abuse and psychological effects of violence in the society, the question of turning the effects from such type of situation is at hand.

In the book written by Dorothy Allison Two to Three Things I Know for Sure it is evident that the society becomes very abusive for people who are poor. Moreover, the importance of social class and the ability become economically normal is an important matter in the community which had been discussed in the book. Furthermore, it is very important to view that the book is providing a story which highlights social class as the ability to be empowered and be abused. Hence people who are seen as poor are often judged and abused in order for higher social classes to be much empowered and feel better about them selves. These problems are creating different issues with regards, to separation of various classes in the society. Moreover, such kind of criticisms towards other people is very important in the psychological perspectives of these people. Hence, the writing of Jonathan Shay is presenting an important aspect concept in the societal perspective. Shay stated that the society plays a great role in the perspective of a person. For the society has its unstated norms, people tend to critique individuals. Shay utilized soldiers in different wars in order to justify his claim.

Furthermore, it was stated that people from the war are very sensitive in terms of their achievements and experiences. People whom are unable to go home to the United States with success are often criticized by the community. Similar to the Korean War where in soldiers are seen as individuals who are weaker then other soldiers put to war.  On the other hand, there are soldiers in the Vietnam War which were persecuted by the people when they came home. The persecution of soldiers in the Vietnam War was caused by the many deaths of the people as well as little children. Although the United States become triumphant in the wars, the number of people who had died in the war is important. Hence, soldiers are seen as monsters and killers of people. Such kind of judgments and experiences lead to huge psychological issues in the personal lives of soldiers. Through this, most soldiers becomes untrusting with other people (154-155).

The written work of Allison is also similar to the experiences of the soldiers. Many individuals see the importance of what kinds of activities people are able to do (Alisson 35). However, being judgmental and critical of different people leads to the aspect of distrust and removing oneself from the society. It is very evident that the book written by Allison is similar to the facts stated by the Shay. The main character of the book is often yearning to have a place where in she is able to be herself without any qualms. Through travelling and walking in different areas outside of her community, it is clear that her exploration somehow meant freedom in her perspective. Through the stories she makes up, the character becomes free. Unlike moments where in she is within their home or their subdivision, the girl feels free to talk to anyone and experience everything for no one knows her.

Hence, healing is similar to accepting reality. Though past experiences are important in the present, accepting former actions is important to attain freedom at the current times. Similar to the statement of Shay, where in he stated that there are different methodologies in purifying soldiers who just recently came from war. Thus, different doctors are being met by the soldiers in order to relieve them from the trauma that they all had. The case of PTSD (149) is an important matter for different individuals. A huge change of a person in terms of decision making or reaction is also affecting an individuals perspective of life and the likes. Hence, there are moments in which a soldier or a veteran bursts out from his peacefulness and disrupts the silence of the community. Moreover, such aspect is what most individuals are preventing. There are instances that certain issues are over magnified by people who had experienced such terror. In the story Gun Crazy, it is very clear that there are cases in which a person could go ballistic due to simple reasons. Hence, PTSD patients move towards extreme situations which could affect individuals. The paranoia of people affected by this psychological disease is paranoid and helpless regarding their emotions. Furthermore, impulsive reactions to situations tend to result into an violent and negative results.

Conclusion
Healing is an important matter to be learned by any people. Though experiences are all composes the personality of a person. Certain disturbances and irregularities must be faced in order to heal a person from different kinds of psychological issues at hand. In the book provided by Allison it is very clear that she wrote for people who are affected by certain emotional or physical violence of other individuals. Through the long endurance in such situations of abuse, people also become vulnerable which could lead to violence. Hence, it was suggested by Shay that there must be a purification process (244) after the battle. The purification is attaining religious and self connection which is important to clear the bad experiences of a person. Through the realization that people need help, the aspect of trust and paranoia shall be healed. Furthermore, being home is the only suggestion provided by Shay  Be at Home. For a person who does not trust and have faith during certain situations, it is important to be in a place where an individual is contented and calm.

Furthermore, acceptance is also an important to the steps of healing and forgiveness. A person must be willing to accept that experiences have reason and such reasons could only rely to the future. Also, it is important for a person to gain respect to one another. Upon cases of psychological issues, certain individuals hate themselves because they are what they are. However it is through respect that individuals are able to see the other side. Hence, people who had experience violence are mostly shattered. Wars are not simple acts of little boys who wants to play it is a sacrifice of their own lives. It is to live by the principles of certain groups in order to attain acceptance.

In his poem  Coal,  poet Andre Lorde uses a combination of simple images, metaphors and similes to express the freedoms and restrictions of language and how it helps us see the world. Using the natural imagery of minerals such as diamonds and coal, Lorde paints a picture that likens race and how its constructed by language. More importantly, Lorde uses the comparisons and descriptions to illustrate the immensity and limitations of words in expressing the experience of being black.

Race plays a central role in the poem from the beginning of the poem with the introduction of the speaker as  total black  (ll.2) , implying that it is he who is the coal that the poem is titled after. Also in the final stanza of the poem he once again identifies himself as black but this time capitalizing the word,  I am Black  (ll.24). With the capitalization of the letter B, the word black goes from being a color to an identity, something to claim as oneself rather than just a way to describe or simplify race. This last point is important because it is the underlying reason for the switch from black as descriptive to proper name. At the beginning of the poem, Lorde has been simplified by a society that just sees his black skin. They do not see beneath his surface or into the complexities of both who he is and what he is trying to express. By the end of the poem
Some words are open life a diamond on glass windows singing out within the crash of sun (ll.8-10).

While Lorde plays on the word black itself to show the fight for individuality, he questions how words themselves are so varied as to represent different ideas and feelings. Some words are  like stapled wages in a perforated book come whatever will all chances the stub remains an ill-pulled tooth with a ragged edge  (ll.11-14). These are the words that hurt a person and leave them feeling exposed to the world. They are like the spot that you cant stop picking at because you are always aware they are there. Other words stay buried inside of people, these words Lorde describes as  live in my throat breeding like adders  (ll.15-16). These are the words we  always want to say the protests against oppression or even just the ideas or feelings express. More importantly they represent the parts of ourselves that stay hidden from the world, they cannot be used against us to judge and define but neither can we truly claim them as our own. Imagination and the power of self-identity is found in the last kind of words described,  Other know sun seeking like gypsies over my tongue to explode through lips like young sparrows bursting from shell  (ll.16-18). It the last part of this passage, with the  young sparrows  Lorde is describing the act of finding yourself and your freedom within words.

Hedged in by the definitions and views of society, Lorde is pushing himself out of the ground where hes been forced to grow. However, in being discriminated against because of his color, he was able to find through words and experience a feeling of himself. He becomes in his use of language not just a color but a multi-faceted jewel,  As the diamond comes into a know of flame I am Black because I come from the earth s inside Now take my word for jewel in the open light  (ll.22-24). His words have been created through his experience and can show something beyond the ideas of the racist society.

Mark Twains classic novel, Huckleberry Finn, is a story that tackles many complicated themes and takes a long, hard look at the nature of the South in the middle part of the nineteenth century. Though it appears to be little more than just a story of a young boy on the surface, the novel digs into themes of racism, slavery, and the transitions that take place across the South during that period of time. Specially, Twain touches on how the region and its people were constantly changing in an effort to keep up with the times, and how they were constantly looking for new ways to combat the changes that they did not want to endure. As one reads the book, it is hard not to notice the importance of the Mississippi River as it relates to the characters and to the overall picture of the South during that time. In many ways, the river is a metaphor for life in the mid-nineteenth century South. Always flowing and changing, the river charges toward an eventual destination, just as life in the South did during the middle part of the nineteenth century.

The Mississippi River charges on toward its eventual destination, and its relentless nature is something that cannot be denied. Much in the same way, the South, as depicted by Twain, is a place that is headed toward an eventual destination. Set in the time of slavery, this book discusses some of the ways that racism and slavery impact society during that time. Though the world around was quickly changing, rushing toward a time when slavery would no longer exist, the South continued to hold out for as long as possible. Slavery was a way of life in the region, and the people there could not begin to imagine what life would be like without slavery. This insistence on keeping slavery alive and well is something that can be seen in many of the political agreements made during the 1850s. With the United States expanding toward the West, it was clear that some things had to be defined and others had to change. New states would be entering the Union, so agreements had to be struck on the nature of those states. The Compromise of 1850 was a very important event that illustrates just how stubborn the South was during a time when the eventual direction of life in the United States was apparent. USHistory.org indicates that this was one of the turning points, and further indicates the obvious nature of the nations direction. That sites says of the Compromise of 1850, California was admitted to the Union as the 16th free state. In exchange, the south was guaranteed that no federal restrictions on slavery would be placed on Utah or New Mexico. Texas lost its boundary claims in New Mexico, but the Congress compensated Texas with 10 million. Slavery was maintained in the nations capital, but the slave trade was prohibited. Finally, and most controversially, a Fugitive Slave Law was passed, requiring northerners to return runaway slaves to their owners under penalty of law (USHistory.org). The site goes on to note that the Compromise of 1850 was a win for the free states, giving them power in the Senate and setting the stage for legislation in the future. Still, the South was holding on and grasping at straws, attempting feebly to protect its way of life. This way of life in the South was changing, though, and nothing was going to stop it as it charged forward toward eventual emancipation. Just as the river could not be stopped, the eventual changes in Southern culture could not be stopped.

One of the interesting literary techniques that the book uses is symbolism with the Mississippi River. The role of the river changes over the course of the book, as well. It represents freedom in the beginning, as it is the method that Jim and Huck use to get out of the society they both loathe. Over time, the role of the river evolves, and once again represents a metaphor for what life in the South was like during that time. Eventually, the river becomes a dangerous place, where twists and turns lie around every bend. The river was always changing and it took on a life of its own. This is similar to what happened in the South during the middle part of the nineteenth century. Times were changing, and Southern leaders were well versed in how to adapt to those changes. As the movement to end slavery began to pick up steam, Southern leaders postured in Congress to stop the movement. Even more importantly than that is the fact that after slaves were granted some freedoms, life in the South modified to disallow these freedoms once again. Just as the river constantly shifted to provide new challenges and dangers, life in the South shifted to provide new obstacles for freed slaves to overcome.

One of the most important themes that Twain touches on in the work is the role of Jim Crow laws, which were the official genesis of the discrimination effort against newly freed blacks. It was something that would sustain itself for decades to come, as the South continually reinvented itself in an effort to stop its eventual direction. According to JimCrowHistory.org, the South took the law into its own hands, asserting that if the Union would not allow slavery legally, the South would do everything in its power to collectively intimidate and shut out blacks. On that site, Dr. Ronald L. F. Davis writes, Segregation and disfranchisement laws were often supported, moreover, by brutal acts of ceremonial and ritualized mob violence (lynchings) against southern blacks. Indeed, from 1889 to 1930, over 3,700 men and women were reported lynched in the United States--most of whom were southern blacks. Hundreds of other lynchings and acts of mob terror aimed at brutalizing blacks occurred throughout the era but went unreported in the press (Davis).

As the University of Dayton indicates, these laws could be very heinous or simply annoying, depending upon the situation. That universitys site lists one Alabama law as being, It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city, at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for each compartment (University of Dayton). In these items, one can see a clear representation of how Twain used the river to denote Southern society during that time. As the story goes along, the river grows to have a life of its own, just as the treatment of blacks in Southern society took on a life of its own. Slavery could be one stretch of the river, and as soon as Jim and Huck make it through a difficult stretch, something else was waiting once again. Much in the same way, just as Southern society was forced to change to accommodate free blacks, it modified itself to ensure that they were not totally free.

Twain uses this work to touch on some very human themes in a most simplistic way. Using literary techniques like symbolism, metaphors, and powerful imagery, he paints the picture of a time in the South when things were constantly changing. He discusses the historical impact of slavery, and notes how life in the South was something that was very twisted. Much like the Mississippi River had its twists and turns, life in the South was something of an adventure. People who would normally be considered good by moral standards were even standing by the wayside, not doing anything about the terrible instances of racism and slavery that they encountered on a day to day basis. It was a world where few truly good people existed, as even those folks who might earn this distinction were guilty of not stopping the heinous acts that were such a major part of the society at large.

Though the book might seem simple and it might read like an adventure tale on the surface, it truly does evaluate some deeper, more important themes. Racism and slavery were rampant in Southern society, and the more important them is the constant evolution of Southern society to help counter the changes that were forced upon it. Twain uniquely and skillfully uses the Mississippi River as a metaphor for this Southern life, even modifying the way in which the river represents Southern life as the story goes along.